Introduction
Depression, anxiety, and stress are all negative feelings. The University of New South Wales in Australia developed a questionnaire to measure all three of them using one questionnaire, known as DASS.
The DASS has 42 items. The DASS-21 has 21 items if you are under time pressure. The DASS-21 scores are multiplied by two so that you can compare the DASS-21 score with the normal DASS. You can find the DASS-21 in the PsyToolkit survey library by clicking here. |
Interpretation of DASS scores
You can find the following cutoff values on the DASS web page.
Meaning | Depression | Anxiety | Stress |
---|---|---|---|
Normal |
0-9 |
0-7 |
0-14 |
Mild |
10-13 |
8-9 |
15-18 |
Moderate |
14-20 |
10-14 |
19-25 |
Severe |
21-27 |
15-19 |
26-33 |
Extremely severe |
28+ |
20+ |
34+ |
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Legal stuff
The DASS website states that the DASS is public domain and can be used electronically but that a reference to the DASS website needs to be included: www.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass
Technically
This is a simple scale question.
The survey code for PsyToolkit
Copy and paste this code to your PsyToolkit account if you want to use the scale in your own online research project
# See: http://www.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass/ scale: frequency - {score=0} Never - {score=1} Sometimes - {score=2} Often - {score=3} Almost always l: dass42 t: scale frequency o: width 60% q: Please read each statement and indicate how much the statement applied to you <b>over the past week</b>.<br> There are no right or wrong answers.<br> Do not spend too much time on any statement.<br> The rating scale is as follows: <ul> <li>Did not apply to me at all - NEVER <li>Applied to me to some degree, or some of the time - SOMETIMES <li>Applied to me to a considerable degree, or a good part of time - OFTEN <li>Applied to me very much, or most of the time - ALMOST ALWAYS </ul><br> - I found myself getting upset by quite trivial things - I was aware of dryness of my mouth - I couldn't seem to experience any positive feeling at all - I experienced breathing difficulty (eg, excessively rapid breathing, breathlessness in the absence of physical exertion) - I just couldn't seem to get going - I tended to over-react to situations - I had a feeling of shakiness (eg, legs going to give way) - I found it difficult to relax - I found myself in situations that made me so anxious I was most relieved when they ended - I felt that I had nothing to look forward to - I found myself getting upset rather easily - I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy - I felt sad and depressed - I found myself getting impatient when I was delayed in any way (eg, lifts, traffic lights, being kept waiting) - I had a feeling of faintness - I felt that I had lost interest in just about everything - I felt I wasn't worth much as a person - I felt that I was rather touchy - I perspired noticeably (eg, hands sweaty) in the absence of high temperatures or physical exertion - I felt scared without any good reason - I felt that life wasn't worthwhile - I found it hard to wind down - I had difficulty in swallowing - I couldn't seem to get any enjoyment out of the things I did - I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion (eg, sense of heart rate increase, heart missing a beat) - I felt down-hearted and blue - I found that I was very irritable - I felt I was close to panic - I found it hard to calm down after something upset me - I feared that I would be "thrown" by some trivial but unfamiliar task - I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything - I found it difficult to tolerate interruptions to what I was doing - I was in a state of nervous tension - I felt I was pretty worthless - I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing - I felt terrified - I could see nothing in the future to be hopeful about - I felt that life was meaningless - I found myself getting agitated - I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself - I experienced trembling (eg, in the hands) - I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things l: depression t: set - sum $dass42.3 $dass42.5 $dass42.10 $dass42.13 $dass42.16 $dass42.17 $dass42.21 $dass42.24 $dass42.26 $dass42.31 $dass42.34 $dass42.37 $dass42.38 $dass42.42 l: anxiety t: set - sum $dass42.2 $dass42.4 $dass42.7 $dass42.9 $dass42.15 $dass42.19 $dass42.20 $dass42.23 $dass42.25 $dass42.28 $dass42.30 $dass42.36 $dass42.40 $dass42.41 l: stress t: set - sum $dass42.1 $dass42.6 $dass42.8 $dass42.11 $dass42.12 $dass42.14 $dass42.18 $dass42.22 $dass42.27 $dass42.29 $dass42.32 $dass42.33 $dass42.35 $dass42.39 l: feedback t: info q: Your score on the DASS scale is as follows:<br> Depression: {$depression}<br> Anxiety: {$anxiety}<br> Stress: {$stress}<br> Note: Scores on each scale can run from 0 to 56.<br> Write down this numbers and go back to the survey website to read what they means.
References
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Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2 Ed.)Sydney: Psychology Foundation.